.5em
Figure 9: Single stage binary de Bruijn diagram.
A one stage de Bruijn diagram connects every node with every other node, making a full diagram with k nodes and links. Its topological matrix is filled with 1's; a binary example is shown in Figure 9.
The minimal equation satisfied by the binary matrix, , is a special case of the general equation . Here and subsequently U is a matrix all of whose elements are ones, just as I will stand for the unit matrix.